Ruling — Pandemic Legacy: Season 0

You asked

How do I play?

Answered counted as answered

Asked with: Pandemic Legacy: Season 0bg-314040-en-1e

To play, follow these procedures:

**Setup**

1. Draw cards from the Legacy deck one at a time, following instructions on both sides, until you reach a card that says "PAUSE" or "STOP".[1]

2. Collect any cards in the reserve needed for that month.[1]

3. Place the board in the center of the table.[1]

4. Place 1 safehouse in each city marked with a permanent safehouse (for the prologue and January, this is only Washington).[1]

5. Place the Threat Level marker on the leftmost space of the Threat Level track.[1]

6. Place agents, Incident tokens, objective tokens, tracking tokens, teams, and remaining safehouses in separate supplies near the board.[1]

7. Flip over 3 Threat cards and place 3 agents into each city shown.[1]

8. Flip 3 more Threat cards and place 2 agents into each city shown.[1]

9. Flip 3 more Threat cards and place 1 agent into each city shown.[1]

10. Place the flipped cards faceup into the Threat discard pile.[1]

11. As a group, choose and add Event cards equal to your current funding level to the Player deck (for the prologue and start of January, the level is 5, so include all five initial Event cards).[2]

12. Shuffle these Event cards and the City cards together.[2]

13. Deal cards to each player based on player count: 4 cards for 2 players, 3 cards for 3 players, and 2 cards for 4 players.[2]

14. Players keep their hands faceup at all times.[2]

15. Divide the remaining Player cards into 5 facedown piles, as equal in size as possible, placing smaller piles toward the right side of the row.[2]

16. Shuffle 1 Escalation card facedown into each pile.[2]

17. Stack the Player card piles from left to right (leftmost pile on top) to form the Player deck and place it on the board.[2]

18. Each player chooses a character and takes the matching pawn, Reference card, and passport (in the prologue, take a temporary alias instead of a passport).[2]

19. Return any unused pawns, Reference cards, and passports to the box.[2]

20. If characters have more than one alias, each player chooses which alias to start with.[2]

21. Gather all pawns and randomly select one; that player takes the first turn.[2]

22. Place all pawns in Washington.[2]

**A Turn**

During your turn, follow these 5 steps in order:[3]

1. Check Surveillance: If you start your turn in a city with surveillance, lose 1 cover for each surveillance symbol in that city (max 3), unless there is a safehouse in your city.[3]

2. Do Actions: You can do up to 4 actions each turn, selecting any combination of actions (you may perform the same action multiple times).[3]

3. Mop Up: Remove all agents in each city with an active team.[4]

4. Draw 2 Player Cards: Draw the top 2 cards together from the Player deck.[4]

* If your draw includes any Escalation cards, do not add them to your hand; instead, increase the Threat Level marker 1 space to the right, draw the bottom card from the Threat deck, place three agents in that city, discard that drawn card to the Threat discard pile, and shuffle all cards in the Threat discard pile and place them facedown on top of the Threat deck.[4]

* If you are over your hand limit (usually 7 cards), immediately discard cards or play Event cards until you are at your limit.[4]

5. Draw Threat Cards: (Note: The sequence of steps in the "Do Actions" section of source [3] lists "Draw Threat Cards" as a step, though source [4] specifically details the "Draw 2 Player Cards" step).[3][4]

After these steps are completed, the next player in clockwise order takes their turn.[3]

**Ending the Game**

The game ends immediately, even in the middle of a player's turn, if any of the following occur:[5]

1. All objectives have a Completed or Failed token.[5]

2. You cannot draw 2 Player cards because there are not enough cards left in the Player deck.[5]

3. You need to place an agent, but the supply is empty.[5]

4. You need to place an Incident token, but the supply is empty.[5]

[1] RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook · p.8 · 1. CHECK THE LEGACY DECK AND PREPARE OBJECTIVES · 2. PREPARE BOARD AND PIECES · 4. ADD AGENTS TO THE BOARD

[2] RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook · p.9 · 7. PREPARE THE PLAYER DECK AND DEAL CARDS · 8. ADD ESCALATION CARDS TO THE PLAYER DECK · 9. REASSEMBLE THE PLAYER DECK · 10. CHOOSE CHARACTERS AND ALIASES · 11. BEGIN PLAY

[3] RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook · p.10 · PLAYER TURNS · 1. CHECK SURVEILLANCE · 2. DO ACTIONS · DRIVE / FERRY · COMMERCIAL FLIGHT · UNRECORDED FLIGHT

[4] RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook · p.13 · 3. MOP UP · 4. DRAW 2 PLAYER CARDS · ESCALATION CARDS

[5] RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook · p.14 · INCIDENTS · TURN END · GAME END

🔧 debug — where this ruling came from

outcome: ANSWERED — Answered
corpus profile: live,vps
answerer pin (deploy-frozen, attribution only): gemma4:26b think:false 5571076f3d70
timings: search 102 ms · ask 6904 ms · total 7008 ms
single-flight (PR-5): queued 0 ms · generation 7008 ms
retrieval refs (raw) — what the PASSAGE SEARCH returned, not what the answerer read: [{"page": 10, "score": 0.048916, "snippet": "During your turn, follow these 5 steps in order: .. Check Surveillance DoActions Mop Up Draw 2 Player Cards Draw Threat Cards After you have done all of these steps, the next player in clockwise order takes their turn. Players should freely give each other advice. Let everyone offer opinions and ide", "headingPath": "PLAYER TURNS · 1. CHECK SURVEILLANCE · 2. DO ACTIONS · DRIVE / FERRY · COMMERCIAL FLIGHT · UNRECORDED FLIGHT", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 9, "score": 0.048652, "snippet": "As a group, choose and add Event cards equal to your current funding level to the Player deck. For both the prologue and the start of January, your funding level is 5, so simply include all five initial Event cards. ShufAe these Event cards and the City cards together, then deal cards to each player", "headingPath": "7. PREPARE THE PLAYER DECK AND DEAL CARDS · 8. ADD ESCALATION CARDS TO THE PLAYER DECK · 9. REASSEMBLE THE PLAYER DECK · 10. CHOOSE CHARACTERS AND ALIASES · 11. BEGIN PLAY", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 16, "score": 0.046635, "snippet": "When playing the prologue, do only Steps 1, 4 and 6 (but read the other steps so you understand how they will work during the campaign). Mark any incomplete objectives with a \"Failed\" token, read the appropriate debrief entry, follow any instructions in the debrief, and evaluate your team's status. ", "headingPath": "AFTER THE GAME · 1. CHECK OBJECTIVES · ALL OBJECTIVES COMPLETE · 1 OBJECTIVE FAILED · 2+ OBJECTIVES FAILED · 2. CHECK CITIES · …", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 13, "score": 0.045928, "snippet": "Your teams do what they were sent to do. Remove all agents in each city with an active team. We will try to help you. Sometimes the Soviets disrupt our plans. Draw the top 2 cards together from the Player deck . When you are about to draw, if there are fewer than 2 cards left in the Player deck, the", "headingPath": "3. MOP UP · 4. DRAW 2 PLAYER CARDS · ESCALATION CARDS", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 14, "score": 0.031746, "snippet": "Another would be placed in Paris, but there are !z SLEEPER CELLS ACTIVATE � Place an agent m every city � with 1 or more Incident tokens M - in Europe ,,l!l!f' already three agents there, so a third Incident token is placed, and another Threat card is drawn and another incident effect is applied. TU", "headingPath": "", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 8, "score": 0.030769, "snippet": "Before you set up the game (and inevitably realize that you forgot to deal Player cards before shufAing in the Escalation cards), draw cards from the Legacy deck. Draw them one at a time and read them out loud. Follow the instructions on both sides of each card and continue drawing until you get to ", "headingPath": "1. CHECK THE LEGACY DECK AND PREPARE OBJECTIVES · 2. PREPARE BOARD AND PIECES · 4. ADD AGENTS TO THE BOARD", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 11, "score": 0.029958, "snippet": "Remove an agent from your city and return it to the supply. ... If there is another player in your city and you both agree to it, you can do one of the following: -0 Give the City card that matches your city to that player. -0 Take the City card that matches your city from that player. If the player", "headingPath": "NEUTRALIZE AGENT · SHARE INTEL · BUILD SAFEHOUSE · IDENTIFY TARGET CITY · ASSEMBLE TEAM · DRIVE/ FERRY TEAM · …", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 8, "score": 0.029851, "snippet": "FIELD MANUAL NO. N4245.3 S E-6-ft-E-T SETUP 1. CHECK THE LEGACY DECK AND PREPARE OBJECTIVES Before you set up the game (and inevitably realize that you forgot to deal Player cards before shufAing in the Escalation cards), draw cards from the Legacy deck. Draw them one at a time and read them out lou", "headingPath": "", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}]
citations (raw) — what the answer cited, chosen from a retrieval this page cannot show: [{"page": 8, "quote": null, "headingPath": "1. CHECK THE LEGACY DECK AND PREPARE OBJECTIVES · 2. PREPARE BOARD AND PIECES · 4. ADD AGENTS TO THE BOARD", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 9, "quote": null, "headingPath": "7. PREPARE THE PLAYER DECK AND DEAL CARDS · 8. ADD ESCALATION CARDS TO THE PLAYER DECK · 9. REASSEMBLE THE PLAYER DECK · 10. CHOOSE CHARACTERS AND ALIASES · 11. BEGIN PLAY", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 10, "quote": null, "headingPath": "PLAYER TURNS · 1. CHECK SURVEILLANCE · 2. DO ACTIONS · DRIVE / FERRY · COMMERCIAL FLIGHT · UNRECORDED FLIGHT", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 13, "quote": null, "headingPath": "3. MOP UP · 4. DRAW 2 PLAYER CARDS · ESCALATION CARDS", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}, {"page": 14, "quote": null, "headingPath": "INCIDENTS · TURN END · GAME END", "sharpsignalDocId": 269}]
boost provenance — errata + base rulebook (E2/E3): no registered errata card matched this query; base rulebook doc 269 boosted; rulesage.errata.boost-enabled=true, rulesage.errata.supersedence-enabled=true
base rulebook doc 269 boosted
answered-before recall: this ruling was answered, so past rulings were not offered
similarity threshold in force: 0.55 (rulesage.answered-before.similarity-threshold; the exact-question tier is not gated by it)
answer fence: passed — letter density 0.89290 of 3212 non-space chars (floor 0.45); 0 glyph-index tokens (max 2)
debug row retained until: Nov 15, 2026 10:22

retrieval — what the passage search returned

what this block IS: the PASSAGE SEARCH's own results — the same search that fills this page's closest-passages list — and NOT the passages the answerer read. Answering runs its OWN retrieval: a far wider candidate pool, re-ranked down to a final handful, plus floors this search never applies — the base rulebook, surviving errata corrections, and one slot per book on a multi-book read. Each of those armed only if THIS ask sent what it needs: the boost block names the ids it forwarded, and the scope line names the books it read. A document the answer CITES that no row here names is therefore EXPECTED, not a defect: two searches, two candidate pools, two orders. The answerer's own final rows are shown in their own block below, beside these and never mixed into them.

score = the fused retrieval score (reciprocal-rank fusion over the search arms) — NOT a cosine similarity. This ruling ran the THREE-ARM fuse (full-text + vector + the doc-priority boost arm, which carried the base rulebook and/or the errata corrections this query matched), whose arithmetic ceiling is 0.04918 — all three arms ranking the same chunk #1 (ceiling = arms/(k+1) at k=60). The measured healthy band 0.016–0.033 was measured on TWO-arm asks and does not bound this one: its high end is the two-arm ceiling, and a third arm has room above it. A chunk only one arm ranked highly lands near 0.016 (that one arm's #1 vote), so 0.03 here is an excellent hit, not a 3% match.

per-arm ranks (the rank each search arm gave a chunk): NOT DISCLOSED by the gateway. Fusion happens gateway-side and only the FUSED score crosses the wire, so rulesage cannot show them without a gateway change. The rank column below is the FUSED rank (position in the returned list), which is real.

token count per chunk: NOT DISCLOSED — chunk token counts are not reported on the ask path. The character counts below are of the bounded snippet/quote rulesage actually received — a real measurement of what we hold, never an estimate of the chunk.

fused rank	document	heading	page	fused RRF score	snippet chars
#1	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	PLAYER TURNS · 1. CHECK SURVEILLANCE · 2. DO ACTIONS · DRIVE / FERRY · COMMERCIAL FLIGHT · UNRECORDED FLIGHT	p.10	0.048916 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	300
#2	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	7. PREPARE THE PLAYER DECK AND DEAL CARDS · 8. ADD ESCALATION CARDS TO THE PLAYER DECK · 9. REASSEMBLE THE PLAYER DECK · 10. CHOOSE CHARACTERS AND ALIASES · 11. BEGIN PLAY	p.9	0.048652 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	300
#3	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	AFTER THE GAME · 1. CHECK OBJECTIVES · ALL OBJECTIVES COMPLETE · 1 OBJECTIVE FAILED · 2+ OBJECTIVES FAILED · 2. CHECK CITIES · …	p.16	0.046635 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	300
#4	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	3. MOP UP · 4. DRAW 2 PLAYER CARDS · ESCALATION CARDS	p.13	0.045928 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	300
#5	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)		p.14	0.031746 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	300
#6	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	1. CHECK THE LEGACY DECK AND PREPARE OBJECTIVES · 2. PREPARE BOARD AND PIECES · 4. ADD AGENTS TO THE BOARD	p.8	0.030769 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	300
#7	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	NEUTRALIZE AGENT · SHARE INTEL · BUILD SAFEHOUSE · IDENTIFY TARGET CITY · ASSEMBLE TEAM · DRIVE/ FERRY TEAM · …	p.11	0.029958 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	300
#8	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)		p.8	0.029851 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	300

what the answerer read — the passages it actually had in front of it

what this block IS: the passages the ANSWERING read put in front of the answerer, in the order it read them — the other half of the two reads described above, and the one that decides what the answer could possibly say. Each row names the book it came from and where in that book it sits, what it scored when the search arms were fused, which arm carried it there, and whether the re-ranker chose it or a floor guaranteed it a slot. A row here that no passage-search row names is EXPECTED: a far wider pool, re-ranked, with floors the passage search never applies.

candidate pool: the answering read scored 16 passages, out of a ceiling of 80 set gateway-side. Both figures are reported by the gateway for THIS ask — measurements of what actually happened, not constants read out of anyone's source and printed here on faith.

floors armed for this ask: the base rulebook — armed · surviving errata corrections — not armed · one slot per book on a multi-book read — not armed. Every floor is stated on every ask, armed or not, so a floor that did not apply here is never mistaken for one this app does not know about.

arms fused for this ask: vector + full-text + the doc-priority boost arm. Stated separately from the rows because an arm that ran and carried nothing is a different fact from an arm that never ran.

read at	document	heading	page	fused rank	fused RRF score	carried by	how it got its slot
#1	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	7. PREPARE THE PLAYER DECK AND DEAL CARDS · 8. ADD ESCALATION CARDS TO THE PLAYER DECK · 9. REASSEMBLE THE PLAYER DECK · 10. CHOOSE CHARACTERS AND ALIASES · 11. BEGIN PLAY	p.9	#2	0.048652 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	vector + full-text + the doc-priority boost arm	the re-ranker chose it
#2	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	AFTER THE GAME · 1. CHECK OBJECTIVES · ALL OBJECTIVES COMPLETE · 1 OBJECTIVE FAILED · 2+ OBJECTIVES FAILED · 2. CHECK CITIES · …	p.16	#3	0.046635 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	vector + full-text + the doc-priority boost arm	the re-ranker chose it
#3	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	NEUTRALIZE AGENT · SHARE INTEL · BUILD SAFEHOUSE · IDENTIFY TARGET CITY · ASSEMBLE TEAM · DRIVE/ FERRY TEAM · …	p.11	#7	0.029958 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	vector + full-text	the re-ranker chose it
#4	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	5. SPEND BUDGET · ASSETS · PERMANENT SAFEHOUSES · COUNTER SURVEILLANCE · 6. CLEAN UP	p.16	#9	0.029437 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	vector + full-text	the re-ranker chose it
#5	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	INCIDENTS · TURN END · GAME END	p.14	#10	0.029412 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	vector + the doc-priority boost arm	the re-ranker chose it
#6	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	1. CHECK THE LEGACY DECK AND PREPARE OBJECTIVES · 2. PREPARE BOARD AND PIECES · 4. ADD AGENTS TO THE BOARD	p.8	#6	0.030769 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	vector + the doc-priority boost arm	the re-ranker chose it
#7	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	PLAYER TURNS · 1. CHECK SURVEILLANCE · 2. DO ACTIONS · DRIVE / FERRY · COMMERCIAL FLIGHT · UNRECORDED FLIGHT	p.10	#1	0.048916 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	vector + full-text + the doc-priority boost arm	the re-ranker chose it
#8	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	3. MOP UP · 4. DRAW 2 PLAYER CARDS · ESCALATION CARDS	p.13	#4	0.045928 (healthy, below this ruling's 3-arm ceiling 0.04918 (the measured band 0.016–0.033 was taken on two-arm asks and does not bound a 3-arm one))	vector + full-text + the doc-priority boost arm	the re-ranker chose it

chosen chunks — what the answer actually cited

#	document	heading	page	quote chars
[1]	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	1. CHECK THE LEGACY DECK AND PREPARE OBJECTIVES · 2. PREPARE BOARD AND PIECES · 4. ADD AGENTS TO THE BOARD	p.8	no quote on the wire
[2]	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	7. PREPARE THE PLAYER DECK AND DEAL CARDS · 8. ADD ESCALATION CARDS TO THE PLAYER DECK · 9. REASSEMBLE THE PLAYER DECK · 10. CHOOSE CHARACTERS AND ALIASES · 11. BEGIN PLAY	p.9	no quote on the wire
[3]	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	PLAYER TURNS · 1. CHECK SURVEILLANCE · 2. DO ACTIONS · DRIVE / FERRY · COMMERCIAL FLIGHT · UNRECORDED FLIGHT	p.10	no quote on the wire
[4]	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	3. MOP UP · 4. DRAW 2 PLAYER CARDS · ESCALATION CARDS	p.13	no quote on the wire
[5]	RULEBOOK Pandemic Legacy: Season 0 — Rulebook (corpus doc 269)	INCIDENTS · TURN END · GAME END	p.14	no quote on the wire

generation — timing and the path taken

timing split: retrieval 102 ms · first delta 2020 ms · total 7008 ms (retrieval and first-delta both measured from the START of gateway work, so first-delta INCLUDES retrieval — do not subtract)
full breakdown: queued 0 ms · retrieval 102 ms · ask 6904 ms · gateway work 7008 ms · total 7008 ms
tokens in (the prompt the answerer read): 3491
tokens out (what the answerer generated): 1013
tok/sec: 205.0 tok/sec — 1013 output tokens in 4.941 s of generation
live seat (read from the running child): answering — gemma4:26b think:false · num_ctx 32768 (live-verified 14s ago)
stream path: streamed — the gateway pushed at least one accumulated draft
watchdog: first-token watchdog: 30s per arming window (rulesage.table.first-token-watchdog-seconds), re-armed once by the passages frame — so the worst case before a reader falls back to polling is 60s. Whether it actually fired is a BROWSER-side decision that never reaches the server, so it is not recorded here. The stream path above is the server's half of that story: whether a delta was emitted at all.
num_ctx · think posture: both are the CHILD's settings, not rulesage's, and no ask reply carries them — an answer never states which context window or think posture produced it. The live-seat line above reads them from the running child instead, where the gateway can answer for itself; it describes the child NOW, not this ask.

disposition

outcome: ANSWERED — Answered
abstain rationale (n/a — this ruling answered): answered — no abstain rationale applies

setup-shape — why the checklist band did or didn't render

decision: NOT_SETUP_SHAPED — no setup-shape pattern matched this question

errata registry — what the gate above had to match against

this game registers NO errata cards (edition 197), so "no registered errata card matched" above could never have matched one

Errata scope: the gate above matched this ruling's own edition only. When an ask also reads an expansion, that expansion's own registered errata cards stay outside the match — a stated phase-1 limitation, not a failed lookup.